Civilization
Civilization means human society of any era, their ways of living, customs and traditions, art and literature, and technology, etc. Civilization passes on from one generation to another. Every generation transfers its tradition to the next and certain additions are made with the passage of time. According to Experts, Indus Valley Civilization is the most ancient civilization of South Asia. Indus Valley Civilization is also named as Harappa Civilization after Harappa. Indus Valley Civilization is categorized in three periods: early Indus Valley period, Mature Indus Valley period and last Indus Valley period.
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This Civilization covers a wide area. It extends from North-Afghanistan to the South coast. Then it spreads from coastal Balochistan to Kathiawar. Remains of this civilization are also shown in a few areas of Balochistan such as Kachhi and Mehargarh.
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If we deeply look at the Indus Valley Civilization, it is indicated that houses of this period were made after proper planning and built with mortared bricks. Besides, clay utensils were used. Scripture was similar everywhere. Different stamps were being used in that era, on which various sceneries and faces were engraved. Apart from it, the study revealed that cereal crops are grown in abundance and forest cover was broad. Evidence of town planning was also being indicated. To protect the cities from foreign attacks, a strong and solid wall was being constructed around the city. Moreover, large forts were built having huge rooms and halls.
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Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro means "Mound of Dead". Archaeologists discovered Mohenjo-Daro in 1922 during excavation. Mohenjo-Daro was located in Larkana district of Sindh in present Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro city was divided into two parts: Citadel and the Lower City. Ruins' analysis revealed that a fort was present in the west of the city. This fort was built on a mound which was 20 feet high. Barracks were constructed in the fort. Homes were built with a planned layout. Most were built of fired and mortared bricks, and some with sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. Streets were 3 to 4 feet wide and present all around the homes. Every house had a well, one room, inner courtyard with doors that opened into side-lanes.
Some buildings had two stories. It was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement and defensive fortifications to the South. The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh is one of the most famous structures of Harappa Civilization It is considered the earliest public water tank in history.
Sewerage and Drainage were developed and used in the cities throughout civilization. All houses were equipped with latrines, bathing houses, and sewage drains which emptied into wider public drains and ultimately deposited the fertile sludge on surrounding agricultural fields. Many objects were found during excavation such as statues, copper and stone tools, varved tools, balance weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys.
Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro means "Mound of Dead". Archaeologists discovered Mohenjo-Daro in 1922 during excavation. Mohenjo-Daro was located in Larkana district of Sindh in present Pakistan. Mohenjo-Daro city was divided into two parts: Citadel and the Lower City. Ruins' analysis revealed that a fort was present in the west of the city. This fort was built on a mound which was 20 feet high. Barracks were constructed in the fort. Homes were built with a planned layout. Most were built of fired and mortared bricks, and some with sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures. Streets were 3 to 4 feet wide and present all around the homes. Every house had a well, one room, inner courtyard with doors that opened into side-lanes.
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| Image by SlideShare |
Some buildings had two stories. It was fortified with guard towers to the west of the main settlement and defensive fortifications to the South. The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh is one of the most famous structures of Harappa Civilization It is considered the earliest public water tank in history.
Sewerage and Drainage were developed and used in the cities throughout civilization. All houses were equipped with latrines, bathing houses, and sewage drains which emptied into wider public drains and ultimately deposited the fertile sludge on surrounding agricultural fields. Many objects were found during excavation such as statues, copper and stone tools, varved tools, balance weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys.
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